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Beyond Maps, Beneath Sea Level

2022/05/06 Views:222

Beyond Maps, Beneath Sea Level: Observations on the “Pan-Austro-Nesian Arts Festival”

 

In the 2021 “Pan-Austro-Nesian Arts Festival,” Sugimoto Hiroshi’s classic Seascape series is placed at the beginning by Yulin Lee, lead curator of the exhibition. Despite capturing ocean scenes of different locations, the works of Seascape are presented with the same composition and similar dimensions. The flat sea level separates the composition in two, still and without a hint of turmoil. By eliminating all traces of geographical and astronomical clues, the seascapes are almost identical; viewers can’t even tell if the images were taken in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere. This arrangement has brought to the minds of viewers that, as an opening to the curatorial narrative, Seascapes suggests that humans have given distinctly different meanings to the sea, which was originally neutral.

 

 

Maps and Imaginations

 

Viewed from this perspective, interpretations of Jakarta Event Book by Chiu Chieh-Sen and Margot Guillemot, one of the works in this exhibition, becomes ever more compelling. Jakarta Event Book is a strange voyage that began in the 16th century with Linschoten, a liar and explorer. The work traces the accounts of Linschoten, crossing uncharted waters and passing Jakarta, the grand city illustrated in nautical charts during the Age of Discovery. The entire journey is documented by artificial satellites, bringing the incident from the Age of Discovery back to modern times through technology. 


Jakarta Event Book highlights the distant, cold gaze of artificial satellites, but through the replays of the video, audiences are once again plunged into a semi-fictional, half-true version of Jakarta. The entire work can be understood as the “rewriting” of topography while at the same time being “fake history” restaged through technology. Back then, explorers or colonizers were eager towards the idea of sailing towards unknown lands and wealth, while the dangers, obstacles, and imaginations towards the unknown took form as the countless sea monsters in maps. For European viewers who were unable to participate in these journeys, the xceptional sea creatures and exotic customs were undeniable “truths,” and Linschoten’s exaggerated and fabricated travel notes were immensely intriguing. Readers of today will certainly find these “truths” absurd, but the maps still present to us how Europeans of the time imagined the world they live in.

There are reasons behind the approach of using maps to mark our positions and pass on ideas, but compared to land, which could be measured, marking and dividing territories at sea were more difficult. With emerging evidence supporting a spherical Earth during the Age of Discovery, growing demands for sailing logs, nautical data, and fleets prompted the maturation of modern maps with standardized measurements; this was also referenced in the installation Jakarta Event Book through a reversed globe that focuses on sea, leaving land as blank spaces. 

 

Artists have acutely found that by singling out and emphasizing the “sea,” viewers will realize that the Earth, which seemed so familiar, suddenly becomes unrecognizable. On the one hand, this discloses the importance of the oneness and existence of the ocean in the shaping of our world view, and on the other hand, reveals how our perceptions are conditioned by existing “maps;” our cognitive shifts once we alter conventional categorizing and marking approaches and refrain from specifying territorial and international waters or the Five Oceans. In other words, reality has always been relative. The Sea, an objective, fluid existence, and “seas” classified by humans and used as segmentation, for instance the Sea of Japan, Mediterranean Sea, or Taiwan Strait, are ultimately very different. 


With the use of technology, we can now travel the world through Google Maps and even see the most detailed aerial images with the help of the satellite. It is as if there are no longer secret locations under the Sun, and we have shaped our world view with this belief. However, what most viewers fail to realize is that the seemingly objective satellite images still reflect specific viewpoints and definitions through emphasizing or eliminating certain information or by magnifying or focusing on particular areas. From this perspective, the fact is that although we live in an era of high connectivity that transcends space and time, the “world view” that acts as our baseline is in truth built by layering “one-sided truths.” In the words of the artist, “Technological worlds are connected by electronic technologies, while a ‘Global Village’ that is constructed through technology becomes the ultimate imaging of the current world.”

 

Uneven Sea Levels

 

During the Moon landing mission of Apollo 17 in 1972, astronaut Jack Schmitt took a breathtaking photograph of the Earth. Through the lens of the camera and with the eyes of the astronaut, the people of the time saw a sphere floating mid-air, its luminous blue color attributed to the large body of water that covers 70% of the planet. Today, when we think of the Earth, the image that appears in our minds is mostly identical to The Blue Marble. The outcome of this space exploration completely overturned previous imaginations of the world and shaped a new worldview for an entire generation: the newly-born concept of the global village has crossed oceans, connected through artificial satellites. 

 

Few realize that the photographing of The Blue Marble requires perfect timing, in which the Sun, Earth, and Moon must be in specific positions. To some extent, this photograph is the fruit of a specific “viewpoint.” The Blue Marble “mixed the known and the new in a visual format that made it comprehensible and beautiful.…” The land and sea in the image appear tranquil and beautiful, without an inkling of disturbance, smoothing over the countless discords and noise between nations and people. 

 

This mismatch between the existing state of incidents and objects and the imagination can be distinctly seen in Chang Chih-Chung’s participating work Sea Unlevel. The work uses “the sea is not level” as a metaphor and questions the perspective of viewing seawater as homogeneously flat. In other words, Chang Chih-Chung focuses on the continuous changes surrounding seas. Either from a scientific or social viewpoint, countless issues and phenomena, such as global warming and rising sea levels, political and economic tensions in territorial seas or international waters between large nations, offshore (relative to the land) fishery, and the vanishing of islands or coastal land, have shaped our current understanding of the “sea.” From the perspective of physical sensations, the sea is not always peaceful and calm but constantly carries turmoil and disturbance, flowing endlessly, carrying or overturning ships or people. 

 

The artist consciously aimed to deconstruct the “sea” from its geographical context, observing that “The bodily sensations that emerge on the deck reveal that the tides have never been level, contradicting the visual perceptions of ‘sea level,’ leading to the discontinuity between sensation and knowledge.” The sea that Chang sees is very different from the tranquility shown in The Blue Marble, but neither is it a distant and pictorial representation of the sea. Chang stands on a ship, facing waters that seem to extend endlessly forward, feeling the flow of trembling water beneath the deck. Besides this personal experience, standing on a shore formed by artificial satellites and data, one can also tell the signals of peace across the sea of data is incapable of covering its hidden currents. This disruption between knowledge and bodily sensations is where the micro and macro meet, and may also respond to the images of “sea level” within the work. 


As for the staging of the work, the artist uses the penetrative optical properties of an overhead projector to integrate media streams and information groups from different disciplines to further present an unlevel sea. Walking between the projectors and images, what viewers see are conflicting clips that are related to the sea and information fragments amid technology streaming, as well as segmented memories of human interactions with the sea. The presentation method of Sea Unlevel attempts to break existing perspectives or world views, accentuating unstable cognition states. To some extent, the work also reminds viewers of the monopoly of information. However, from another perspective, for the artist, who has carefully accumulated the memories and fragments, the work series is not a mere emphasis on the alienation of information fragments but instead involves the warmth of human selection. In a way, this is a reminder of the relationship and warmth between humans and the sea behind each fragment or flow of information.

 

張致中作品〈海不平面〉作品示意圖(圖片提供:張致中)

The Unknown

 

Returning to Sugimoto Hiroshi’s Seascape, the artist once wrote “Mystery of mysteries, water and air are right there before us in the sea.” Amid its near-monochrome images, the artist’s intimate observations and revelations in Seascape seem to take the viewer away from the locations and sea territories where the work was photographed and return to the unidentified, uncategorized, authentic sea. 

 

This article explores possible interpretations of works presented in “Pan-Austro-Nesian Arts Festival” through introductive concepts of “sea” and “map.” Corresponding to the overall curatorial narrative, the works mentioned above seem to respond to the first theme: “From Known to Unknown.” The three work series illustrate how we analyze and define the world we live in, transforming the unknown into known, through three different viewpoints. At the same time, the various markings on maps or territorial waters may seem to guide our cognitions but, in reality, uphold specific viewpoints and are therefore subject to change. In other words, we may think we possess knowledge, but the truth is we know little; the known and unknown have always been entwined, interwoven, and ambiguous.

 

 

 

1.Works N.Pacific Ocean, Iwate (1986), S.Pacific Ocean, Tearai(1991), and Ligurian Sea, Frumura (1993) from the Seascape series are displayed in this exhibition. 
2.Quoted from the work introduction of this exhibition. 
3.Quoted from How to See the World: An Introduction to Images, from Self-Portraits to Selfies, Maps to Movies, and More by Nicholas Mirzoeff, Taipei: Editions du Flaneur, 2016, p.14
4.The creative blueprint for this work is inspired by Itinerario, published in 1595 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten (1563-1611), a Dutch surveyor-cartographer of the Portuguese East India Company. In Itinerario, Linschoten documented countless sailors’ accounts and local myths, while the sea monsters illustrated in the maps of the book became an important element for Jakarta Event Book. 
5.The artists deliberately combined satellite remote sensing images with digital three-dimensional point cloud technology to create image layers with composite multiple time sequences, creating an imaginary terrain by layering ancient maps from Itinerario to remote sensing images created by modern technology. 
 
6.Quoted from the work introduction of this exhibition. 
7. Quoted from Sugimoto Hiroshi’s personal website https://www.sugimotohiroshi.com/seascapes-1

 

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