Andante: Research Exhibition of Liu Sheng-Jung

2023.04.29 - 2023.08.06 KMFA Gallery 201-202

Andante, a musical tempo marking, indicates a passage is to be played at a relaxed, graceful speed described as a "moderate walking pace." By echoing such symbolic, steady motion, this exhibition celebrates how artist Liu Sheng-Jung (1928-1985) moves freely between the realms of painting, music, and pigeon keeping as well as his many literal moves between Taiwan and Japan. Moreover, "andante" resonates with how Liu Sheng-Jung pulls the unconstrained sentiment of music onto the canvas, combining traditional culture with modern elements.
 
Born in Liuying, Tainan, Liu Sheng-Jung's family nurtured his artistic development from a young age, fostering a talent and appreciation for the violin. Despite the fact that Liu Sheng-Jung had received little formal art education, he was inspired by his uncle, Liu Chi-Hsiang, and in the post-war 1950s, he began painting, creating many works of figurative art. The 1960s marked a turning point in Liu Sheng-Jung's creative career. He set his sights on the vanguard of modern art at the time, making a clear shift to abstraction in which he created rhythmic works full of dynamic, unconstrained brushwork. After a close friend's death in 1965, Liu Sheng-Jung began to bring together elements from local Taiwanese spiritual worship to create an extraordinary collage from burnt joss paper (also referred to as "spirit money"). Such collages provided Liu Sheng-Jung a medium in which he attempted to capture the unpredictable consumption of the joss paper by the flames. Then in 1967, Liu Sheng-Jung and his family settled in Japan where he began exploring the infinite space available within the canvas. Up until his death in 1985, his work was characterized by circles and collages exploring the varying forms of burnt joss paper. 
 
This exhibition presents important pieces from several major stages of Liu Sheng-Jung's career. Furthermore, by exploring documents and letters from the late artist, this exhibition presents a never-before-seen side of Liu Sheng-Jung the artist, including his love for music, pigeon raising, his family, and his many connections with art colleagues from Taiwan and Japan.
 
Over the course of his many travels--from moving to Japan with his family as a child, returning to Taiwan as a budding artist, traveling frequently between Taiwan and Japan in pursuit of artistic inspiration, and to finally settling in Okayama, Japan--Liu Sheng-Jung took in vast quantities of new ideas from the art worlds of Japan, Europe, and the United States. It can be said that Liu Sheng-Jung's creations reflect the real-time development of abstract art in Taiwan and Japan and act as a bridge between the two contexts. Perhaps more importantly, such insight allows Liu Sheng-Jung's work to project a rich, colorful, resplendent force written in his very own abstract language.
 
This exhibition has also invited contemporary artist Lee Li-Chung to examine the documents left behind by the "God of Pigeon Racing," as Liu Sheng-Jung was once dubbed, from the perspective of both researcher and contemporary creator. A pigeon fancier himself, such an exploration allows Lee Li-Chung and Liu Sheng-Jung to interact across time and space in order to present a seldom-presented side of Liu Sheng-Jung and the historical context of the time.
 
I. Artistic Beginnings
In 1928, Liu Sheng-Jung was born to the Liu family, a prominent family in Japanese-governed Liuying, Tainan. The family and young Liu Sheng-Jung moved to Meguro, Tokyo when he was nine years old, where he attended Tomoe Gakuen and Tamagawa Junior High School during the turbulent years of war. Tomoe Gakuen School and Tamagawa Junior High School were regarded as pioneers of the new reformed education model in Japan, a model that valued students' independent development, provided a comprehensive education, and, in the process, also invisibly planted seeds of self-determination in Liu Sheng-Jung’s mind.
 
A love and appreciation for art was ingrained in Liu Sheng-Jung from childhood. Not only was Liu Sheng-Jung's father, Liu Ju-lin, a music aficionado and skilled violinist, his uncle Liu Chi-hsiang was a part of the first generation of painters in Taiwan to study in Japan and France. After his father's death, Liu Sheng-Jung returned to Taiwan for high school and often went to visit his uncle's art studio where he made fledgling steps into the painting scene.
 
Replications of famous Parisian masterpieces painted by his uncle helped enrich Liu Sheng-Jung's developing perspective. With his uncle's encouragement, young Liu Sheng-Jung participated and won awards at exhibitions. During this period, he primarily painted figurative scenes, laying a foundation for his future works. This exhibition includes some of these masterpieces such as "Self-portrait," "Still Life," and "Autumn Scenery" and also pays homage to Liu Sheng-Jung's origins as a painter through display of his uncle Liu Chi-Hsiang's paintings, such as "Yellow Dress."
 
II. Awareness: New Approaches to Art
As Taiwan and Japan's post-war economies began to recover throughout the early 1960s, abstract expressionism began radiating influence outward from its long-established core in New York into the international sphere. Liu Sheng-Jung responded to the pull of abstractionism by decidedly abandoning his original figurative style. Liberal, unconstrained brushwork became central to his work, and he incorporated his musical gifts into his paintings in a way that created an effect similar to a silent performance. During this period, Liu Sheng-Jung tended to compose his paintings through the use of irregular-sized blocks of color and breathing, agile lines, making it seem as if he was drawing notes from a piece of music and giving them colors to form distinct melodies.
 
Frequent travel between Taiwan and Japan also allowed Liu Sheng-Jung to quickly absorb new ideas from the art worlds of Japan, Europe, and America. By 1962, Liu Sheng-Jung had enjoyed his first solo exhibition at Takekawa Gallery in Tokyo and followed this with a solo exhibition in Nitta Gallery. He attracted the attention of important figures in the Japanese art scene, including Ichiro Fukuzawa, at a solo exhibition at Paul Gallery in Roppongi, Minato City, Tokyo in 1966 and subsequently earned a spot in collections such as the National Museum of Modern Art (MOMAT) in Tokyo. Around this time, Liu Sheng-Jung's creative spirit was recognized at the national level, earning him a position in international exhibitions such as the 7th São Paulo Biennial in Brazil.
 
III. Transforming Understandings: Burnt Joss Paper
1965 marked another stylistic turning point in Liu Sheng-Jung's career after he began incorporating burnt joss paper into collages. After the sudden death of his friend, Doppo Tomikawa, Liu Sheng-Jung brought joss paper–a spiritual offering used in traditional Taiwanese folk rituals–to Tokyo to pay his respects. While burning the joss paper in memory of the deceased, Liu recalled a legend he heard when he was young: as the flames engulf the paper, the resulting smoke seems to link heaven and earth, life and death. Inspired, he began incorporating the burnt joss paper into his art in a way that evokes a special space straddling the yin and yang; through the use of the joss paper itself, the unpredictability of the all-consuming flames, and the volatile charred texture of the burnt edges, the resulting abstract language of the collage is unlike any other.
 
In 1967, Liu Sheng-Jung moved his family to Okayama City, Japan where his originally impassioned and powerful brushwork gradually evolved into a more cohesive, smooth form of expression. In the 1970s, Liu Sheng-Jung developed a visual language of his own through the use of oracle bone script and circular shapes (such as the circular jade Bi). No longer trying to create dynamic movement, Liu began to explore the infinite space within the composition itself in greater depth and intricacy. The resulting collages composed of charred joss paper almost seem to open a dialogue between ancient times–days when the divinations inscribed on oracle bones were used to link heaven and earth–and modern day, a dialogue that expresses the artist's great concern for traditional culture and the universe.
 
IV. Contemporary Continuations
Outside of painting and music, Liu Sheng-Jung had a lifelong interest in pigeon racing. A skilled breeder of racing pigeons, his pigeons were declared "divine," and Liu Sheng-Jung himself was known as the "God of Racing Pigeons" among Japanese pigeon fanciers.
 
Joining this exhibition is Lee Li-Chung, a contemporary artist who has long followed the history of racing pigeons in Taiwan, to introduce perspectives from the new generation of artists. Brought together by their shared interest in racing pigeons, Lee Li-Chung has revisited Liu Sheng-Jung's racing pigeon archives and interacted with Liu Sheng-Jung's art by creating his own new works in response such as "Interview with the God of Pigeon Racing" and "Secrets of Pigeons' Eyes." Furthermore, Lee Li-Chung's compilation of drawings entitled "Pigeons" acts in direct dialogue with the many pigeons depicted in Liu Sheng-Jung's work.
 
To better provide a complete overview of Liu Sheng-Jung's life and work, this exhibition also offers a special screening of the documentary film The Valiant Liu Sheng-Jung commissioned by the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts and produced by the team of The Land Films. The documentary features interviews with Liu's family and scholars, accentuating how his passion for painting, music, and pigeon racing remained interwoven throughout all facets of his life.